Innovations in Publishing, Printing and Multimedia Technologies
Peer-reviewed scientific journal “Innovations in Publishing, Printing and Multimedia Technologies” (ISSN 2029-4638, eISSN 2538-8622) is a periodical publication of original scientific papers. It has been issued annually since 2008. The articles are published in English (until 2021 – in English and Russian). This periodical publication of scientific papers is based on the proceedings of the conference “Innovations in Publishing, Printing and Multimedia Technologies”. The international scientific-practical conference “Innovations in Publishing, Printing and Multimedia Technologies” (IPPMT) is the annual event of the Informatics and Media Technology Department of the Faculty of Technology at Kauno kolegija HEI organised in cooperation with foreign partners. The journal is registered in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) at <https://doaj.org/>, and the articles published in the journal are indexed. Articles are assigned DOI numbers. Each article is evaluated by at least two external reviewers. The journal uses double-blind peer review. Authors are recommended to improve the articles according to the reviewers’ remarks or provide arguments why they do not agree with them. The final decision is made by the editorial board. The articles published or submitted to other journals are not accepted. The manuscripts submitted by authors are checked by a text-matching tool Turnitin. The papers with the evidence of plagiarism detected are rejected. The responsibility for the originality of the content lies on the author/s, who sign a Letter of Guarantee. The journal gives authors the right to distribute their article without any restrictions. The journal provides open access to peer-reviewed articles. The author publishes his original article in the journal and retains copyright. The users use the publication online for free. The journal does not charge fees for publishing an article. Topics of the conference and publication: • Computer-aided design for graphics, digital media and advertising; • Innovations of prepress and printing processes, advertising production; • Multimedia products for the media, television, internet and social networks; • Publishing, printing, IT and multimedia technologies in science and studies; • Print quality, standardization, management of media companies and processes; • Visual media communication, innovations and impact on society. The proceedings of previous conferences are available online https://ojs.kaunokolegija.lt/index.php/TMPK/issue/archive Publication documents: Requirements for Articles; Letter of Guarantee; Information about Author (s) and Article; Article Review Form Recenzuojamas mokslinis žurnalas „Innovations in Publishing, Printing and Multimedia Technologies” (liet. „Inovacijos leidybos, poligrafijos ir multimedijos technologijose”) (ISSN 2029-4638, eISSN 2538-8622) yra periodinis originalių mokslo darbų leidinys, leidžiamas kasmet nuo 2008 m. Straipsniai publikuojami anglų kalba (2008 - 2021 m. – anglų ir rusų kalbomis). Šis periodinis mokslo darbų leidinys yra sudaromas tarptautinės mokslinės-praktinės konferencijos „Innovations in Publishing, Printing and Multimedia Technologies” (IPPMT) straipsnių pagrindu. Ši konferencija yra kasmetinis Kauno kolegijos Technologijų fakulteto Informatikos ir Medijų technologijų katedros renginys, organizuojamas bendradarbiaujant su užsienio partneriais. Žurnalas registruotas tarptautiniame atvirosios prieigos recenzuojamų mokslo žurnalų registre Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) <https://doaj.org/>. Jame indeksuojami viso teksto žurnalo straipsniai. Mokslo žurnalas registruotas Crossref, straipsniams suteikiami DOI numeriai. Visus žurnale publikuojamus straipsnius recenzuoja ne mažiau kaip du išoriniai recenzentai. Žurnale taikomas dvigubas aklasis recenzavimas. Autoriai turi pataisyti straipsnius, atsižvelgdami į recenzijose pateiktas pastabas arba motyvuotai paaiškinti, kodėl į pastabas neatsižvelgta. Sprendimą dėl straipsnio publikavimo žurnale priima žurnalo redakcinė kolegija. Anksčiau skelbti arba kitų leidinių redakcijoms įteikti darbai nepriimami. Autorių pateikti rankraščiai tikrinami teksto sutapties nustatymo įrankiu Turnitin ir nustačius plagiato atvejus yra atmetami. Galutinę atsakomybę už straipsnio turinio originalumą prisiima straipsnio autorius (autoriai), pasirašydamas(i) garantinį raštą. Žurnalas suteikia autoriams teisę savo straipsnį įkelti į institucinę talpyklą ar kitaip platinti be jokių apribojimų. Žurnalas atvirajai prieigai teikia jau recenzuotus straipsnius. Autorius paskelbia savo pirminį originalų straipsnį žurnale ir išsaugo autorines teises, o vartotojai nemokamai naudojasi šia informacija internete. Mokestis už straipsnio publikavimą žurnale neimamas. Konferencijos ir mokslo darbų leidinio tematika: • Kompiuterinis dizainas spaudai, medijoms ir reklamai; • Inovacijos ikispaustuviniuose ir spaudos procesuose bei reklamos gamyboje; • Multimedijos produktai žiniasklaidai, televizijai, internetui ir socialiniams tinklams; • Leidyba, spauda, IT ir multimedjos technologijos moksle ir studijose; • Spaudos kokybė, standartizacija, medijų kompanijų ir procesų vadyba; • Vizualių medijų komunikacija, inovacijos ir poveikis visuomenei. Ankstesnių konferencijų straipsnių rinkinius galite rasti https://ojs.kaunokolegija.lt/index.php/TMPK/issue/archive
Kauno kolegija Higher Education Institution
A hybrid machine learning and deep learning system for phishing email detection in webmail platforms
Phishing emails continue to represent a major cybersecurity threat, exploit ing social engineering techniques and deceptive language to compromise user credentials, financial data, and organizational systems. As phishing campaigns become increasingly sophisticated and automated, traditional rule-based detection methods struggle to identify new attack patterns. In response to this challenge, this research proposes a hybrid phishing email detection framework that combines classical machine learning and deep learning techniques for integration within webmail platforms. The objec tive of the study is not only to improve phishing detection accuracy but also to demonstrate the operational feasibility of deploying intelligent de tection systems directly in a real-world email environment. The proposed framework is trained on a multi-source dataset consisting of more than11,000 labeled emails balanced between legitimate and phish ing messages. The dataset combines legitimate emails from the Enron Email Corpus with phishing samples obtained from public phishing repositories and AI-generated phishing emails. This diverse dataset allows the model to capture both traditional phishing patterns and emerging AI-generated attack styles. To enhance classification performance, the system integrates textual representations extracted from email subject and body with engi neered structural indicators such as suspicious domain patterns, URL entro py, keyword flags, subdomain counts, and other metadata-based features. Two modeling pipelines were implemented and evaluated. The first em ploys classical machine learning algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine, trained using TF-IDF textual features combined with engineered attributes. The second pipeline utilizes deep learning architectures, specifically Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks and the DistilBERT transformer model, to capture contextual language patterns and semantic relationships present in phishing messages. DistilBERT was selected due to its balance between strong predictive capability and relatively low computational cost, ena bling near real-time email analysis. Experimental results demonstrate strong classification performance across all evaluated models using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC-AUC. The best-performing model was integrated into the Roundcube webmail platform to enable real-time phishing detection. In coming emails are automatically analyzed and suspicious messages can be redirected to a dedicated phishing folder, demonstrating the practical applicability of hybrid AI-based detection systems for strengthening op erational email security.
AI for Media, Data Analysis and Cyber Security
Copyright (c) 2026 Elda Xhumari, Rivalda Bedini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From social interaction graphs to knowledge graphs: enabling GraphRAG for LLM-based analysis of online conversations
Large language models (LLMs) offer great support for the analysis of social media data; however, they often struggle to provide grounded and reli able responses when reasoning over social network structures. This limita tion mainly results from their dependency on unstructured text which can lead to hallucinations or incomplete interpretations of complex interac tion patterns. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been shown to improve grounding by including external knowledge; however, the exist ing approaches mainly use collections of documents and fail to exploit the relational and temporal structure already present in social media data. The aim of this research is to propose a framework for transforming social inter action graphs into knowledge graphs that can serve as context graphs for GraphRAG, enabling more grounded and interpretable LLM-based reason ing over online conversations. The proposed framework starts from a social interaction network construct ed from X (formerly Twitter) data, where nodes represent users and edges represent interactions between users such as mentions, replies, reposts (retweets), and quotes. This interaction graph is then transformed into a heterogeneous knowledge graph which has posts (tweets) at its center and explicitly models authorship, conversational structure, and temporal dy namics. Furthermore, this schema contains entities such as posts(tweets), users, hashtags, URLs, and conversations, and defines relations including authored, mentions, replies to, reposts (retweets), and quotes. Additional semantic enrichment is incorporated through entity extraction and link ing, as well as metadata such as timestamps and community membership. The resulting knowledge graph can be used as a context graph within a GraphRAG pipeline, where relevant subgraphs are retrieved and provided to an LLM for answering questions. This research highlights the potential of integrating social network analy sis with knowledge graph construction to enhance LLM-based analysis of social media data. By transforming interaction graphs into temporally en riched knowledge graphs, the proposed framework will enable structure aware retrieval and reasoning, improving the quality and interpretability of generated responses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arber Ceni, Alda Kika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative analysis of eye-tracking and AI tools for predicting visual attention in virtual human perception
Visual attention plays an important role in how users perceive and engage with digital content, particularly in areas such as human–computer inter action and interface design. Eye-tracking is commonly used to study these processes, as it provides detailed and reliable data on visual attention. However, it requires specialized equipment and controlled experimental conditions, which may limit its practical application. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) tools have been developed to predict visual attention based on previously collected eye-tracking data. While these tools are fast and easy to use, it remains unclear how closely their predictions reflect actual human behavior, particularly when observ ing virtual humans. This paper presents a comparative study of eye-tracking results and AI based attention predictions. The study involved 300 participants, whose visual attention was recorded while viewing a set of virtual human stimuli. The same stimuli were then analyzed using the AI tool across several avail able modes. The comparison was performed using SSIM, MSE, and Pearson correlation, as well as through the analysis of predefined areas of interest. The results show a strong overall agreement between the two approaches, especially in identifying key facial regions such as the eyes and lips. At the same time, noticeable differences were observed in less prominent areas of the face, as well as during shorter observation periods. AI-generated maps also tend to appear more diffuse compared to eye-tracking data. These findings suggest that AI tools can provide a useful approximation of visual attention patterns, particularly in the early stages of design. How ever, they do not fully capture the precision of eye-tracking and should therefore be used as a complementary method rather than a replacement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gala Golubović, Sandra Dedijer, Saša Petrović, Sanja Cvetojević, Neda Milić Keresteš, Teodora Gvoka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on approaches to the selection of materials in the production of pos products for mediamoments print and production B.V.
The article examines the current state and prospects for the development of the publishing and printing industry in the context of constant techno logical changes and increasing customer requirements. The emphasis is on the need to introduce new materials and improve production processes, which is due to market transformation and the increasing role of visual communications in marketing activities. Particular attention is paid to POS materials (Point of Sale materials), which are an important tool for promot ing products and creating brand awareness directly at points of sale. The paper analyzes traditional and modern materials used for the manufacture of POS products. It is noted that cardboard has long remained the main ma terial due to its accessibility, ease of processing and environmental friendli ness. At the same time, modern operating conditions for POS materials, in particular increased requirements for durability, moisture resistance, me chanical strength and stability of appearance, limit the possibilities of using cardboard products. In this regard, there is growing interest in the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other synthetic materials that provide broader functional and design capabilities. The methodological basis of the study is the expert evaluation method, which allowed for a comprehensive com parison of different materials according to technical, economic and envi ronmental criteria. The work defined a list of the main equipment, materi als and parameters necessary for conducting a comparative experiment, as well as formulated the evaluation criteria and features of its implementa tion. This approach ensured the objectivity of the results obtained and took into account practical production conditions. Based on the results of the study, a substantiated choice of material for the manufacture of POS prod ucts was made, which most fully meets the specified operating conditions, the specifics of the enterprise’s work and its location. It is emphasized that a comprehensive comparison of materials has not only theoretical, but also applied value, since it is focused on current market needs and the possi bilities of practical implementation. The conclusions obtained can be used when planning production processes and making decisions on optimizing the material base in the field of manufacturing POS materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nonna Kulishova, Anna Meshcheriakova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Random forest-based waste prediction in sustainable graphic production within industry 4.0
Graphic production systems generate significant material waste due to de fective prints, registration errors, inefficient material utilization, and subop timal energy management. In printing processes, waste levels can exceed 10%, contributing to environmental burden and increased operational costs. Within Industry 4.0 environments and ESG-oriented production management, companies require measurable, data-driven mechanisms for resource optimization. The aim of this research is to develop and evaluate a Random Forest-based predictive model for production waste forecasting in sustainable graphic systems using key performance indicators as opera tional inputs. A supervised Random Forest regression model was developed to predict waste levels. Because publicly accessible industrial datasets are unavailable due to confidentiality constraints, simulated KPI data was generated to re flect realistic production variability. Input variables include material waste percentage, machine efficiency, number of defective prints, energy con sumption, and equipment downtime. The synthetic dataset incorporates controlled variability and inter-variable correlations to approximate real production conditions. The data was divided into training and testing sub sets, and cross-validation was applied to ensure model robustness. Model performance was evaluated using mean absolute error, mean squared er ror, and the coefficient of determination. The Random Forest model achieved an R² value of 0.89, indicating strong explanatory power, with an overall prediction accuracy of 87.32% and a mean absolute error of 3.17%. Simulation scenarios demonstrate substan tial waste reduction potential under AI-supported optimization. In the printing process, waste levels decreased from 12.7% to 5.8%, represent ing a 54.3% reduction. Early detection mechanisms identified 36% of po tential waste events prior to occurrence, enabling proactive intervention. Additional simulation results indicate projected improvements in energy efficiency, defect prevention, and overall cost reduction, estimated at 8%, 12%, and 6%, respectively. The findings confirm that Random Forest-based predictive modeling can function as an operational tool for ESG-aligned waste management in In dustry 4.0 graphic production. KPI-driven monitoring combined with pre dictive analytics enables early identification of inefficiencies, improved pro duction planning, and systematic reduction of material losses. The model is suitable for integration with sensor systems and production management platforms in smart manufacturing environments, supporting both environ mental sustainability and economic performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Bratić, Suzana Pasanec Preprotić, Denis Jurečić, Jana Žiljak Gršić http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of printing substrate characteristics on ink trapping behavior
In offset printing, image reproduction is achieved using four process colors, black, cyan, magenta, and yellow, which are printed sequentially onto the printing substrate. This widely used printing technique enables high-qual ity and highly detailed image reproduction, and in order to evaluate print quality, several important qualitative parameters are analyzed. One of the key parameters is ink trapping, which describes the ability of one ink to be accepted over another during the offset printing process. Ink trapping is expressed as a percentage, where higher values indicate bet ter acceptance and adhesion of a subsequent ink layer over a previously printed one. This parameter depends on several interrelated factors that must be carefully balanced in order to achieve optimal print quality. These include ink tack (stickiness), the order in which colors are printed, the speed of the printing machine, and the physical and chemical properties of the printing substrate. Each of these factors can significantly influence the interaction between ink layers during the printing process. In this study, three specific substrate characteristics were examined in detail: material absorbency, whiteness, and fluorescence of the printing substrate, and their influence on ink trapping behavior. The relationship between ink trapping and substrate characteristics can significantly con tribute to the stability, consistency, and overall quality of the printed result. Four different printing substrates were used in the analysis: uncoated substrate, GC1, GC2, and KD board. The comparative analysis of these sub strates and their characteristics provides a more comprehensive insight into how ink is accepted and transferred in multi-color offset printing sys tems, as well as how substrate properties influence final print quality and visual appearance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jelena Poljak Gaži, Igor Majnarić, Igor Zjakić, Irena Bates http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An overview of multimedia innovation in the Western Balkans
The Western Balkans is increasingly becoming a fertile ground for multimedia innovation. With rapid advancements in technology and a growing interest in digital transformation, the region is witnessing significant developments in multimedia, digital content creation, and innovative digital solutions. This study aims to explore the extent of multimedia innovation in the Western Balkans by addressing the following research question: How are multimedia industries developing in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, and what factors influence their growth? The methodology of this research is based on a qualitative approach, incorporating an extensive review of academic literature, policy documents, and industry reports. Secondary sources, such as reports from international organizations like the European Commission, World Bank, UNESCO, and UNDP, were analyzed to understand regional trends in multimedia innovation. Additionally, information from official government websites, film festivals, and multimedia industry stakeholders was included to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the sector. Numerous initiatives and institutions are driving multimedia innovation in the Western Balkans. The Marubi Academy of Film and Multimedia in Albania stands out as a premier institution offering education and training in film, television, and digital media. Similarly, the Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, Serbia, provides comprehensive programs in multimedia arts. Additional institutions such as the Academy of Arts in Novi Sad and the University of Sarajevo’s Faculty of Performing Arts also contribute significantly to training future multimedia professionals. Sarajevo Film Festival and the Anibar International Animation Festival in Kosovo have become prominent platforms for showcasing multimedia works. Technological advancements such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) are being integrated into multimedia projects in the Western Balkans. Despite advancements, challenges remain, particularly in areas such as infrastructure development, access to high-quality equipment, and the need for more specialized education programs in multimedia fields. Addressing these gaps will be crucial to unlocking the full potential of the region’s creative economy. Governments across the Western Balkans have made significant strides in creating a favorable environment for digital innovation, but continued support, both financially and in terms of policy reforms, will be necessary to overcome existing barriers. Additionally, collaboration between countries in the region, as well as with international partners, will be key to creating a more sustainable and competitive multimedia ecosystem. Investment in digital education and training will be critical in nurturing talent and ensuring that the region will remain competitive in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Petrit Dollani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementing product design methodology tools: a desk lamp case study
The product design process is used to develop new innovative products or to improve existing ones. The category of space decoration covers items that are mainly designed based on aesthetics and thus help users to enjoy an easier and more efficient lifestyle. Desk lamps are developed either for functional or aesthetic purposes. A large part of their use is in the workplace, and they aim to increase productivity. The contribution of the present work is to deal with the design of a prototype desk lamp that can combine both the functional and aesthetic characteristics required. In order to achieve this goal, a number of methodological and technological tools have been implemented in the development of the product itself i.e. mind-map, sketches, color selection process, a 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modeling and 3D assembling, a high-quality rendering tool, and prototyping. A step-to-step approach was taken, starting with a search for similar works published, developing the design concept from scratch and finishing with a prototype using 3D printing technology available. The developed prototype provided a solid basis for an early evaluation of the users’ perception of the designed product. A 3D CAD system has been used to achieve both the modeling and the prototyping of the product. Combining functionality and aesthetics, a design concept has been developed, a 3D printing prototype has been produced and finally an early evaluation of the outcome became available by experienced design engineers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Minaoglou, Lazaros Firtikiadis, Nikolaos Efkolidis, Renata Gudaitiene, Panagiotis Kyratsis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
3D CAD and 3D printing-based product design: case study of an armchair
Digital design is an efficient way of implementing furniture concepts. Advanced tools for rendering have a considerable effect on increasing their visibility via the use of sophisticated software that simulates the final appearance of furniture using appropriate textures, colors and environment. Although color plays an important role in the product’s promotion, additional use of textures creates a more realistic appearance. The goal of this study was to develop an armchair using digital designing and physical prototyping. A variety of methodological and digital tools have been used to create a unique product, with effective application of 3D CAD and 3D printing technology in the design of an armchair. The present paper deals with the design of an armchair for children. Anthropometric shapes were used in the design process, thus digital sketches assisted in digitizing the armchair using an advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) system. These models were enriched with colors and textures in order to convey the design concept, while providing a realistic view of the final solution. The prototype was built based on the CAD models created, in order to verify the incorporated specifications. Combining not only the effective geometry of the armchair but also its colorful appearance, a customized product for children was developed. Both the methodological and technological tools used supported the creative approach to the design of the armchair presented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arsenia Kourmouki, Prodromos Minaoglou, Anthimos Anastasiadis, Renata Gudaitiene, Panagiotis Kyratsis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of optimal conditions for the production of paper barrier packaging by the flexographic printing method
Increasing environmental pollution from plastic packaging, especially multi-layer films that are difficult to recycle, necessitates the search for effective ecological alternatives. Simultaneously, modern packaging requirements include enhanced barrier properties to meet global logistics needs and long-term product storage. A promising solution is the creation of paper packaging with functional coatings, particularly barrier coatings and heat seal varnishes. The study aimed to determine the optimal technological conditions for creating such packaging using flexographic printing. The research was conducted on an Optima 2 flexographic printing press manufactured by Soma Engineering, using an additional IPU (Intelligent Printing Unit) section. Two types of paper with grammage of 70 g/m² and 80 g/m² from different suppliers were tested. A water-based heat seal varnish based on copolymer dispersion and a barrier primer were used to provide the paper with barrier and heat-sealing properties. The study included experiments with various combinations of functional varnishes, printing speeds (100-300 m/min), types of ink pumps, and forms of anilox roller cells. Parameters such as dry residue content, oil resistance, and heat-sealing strength at different temperature regimes and sealing conditions were evaluated. It was determined that the best results are achieved with the combined application of barrier varnish followed by heat seal varnish at a speed of 100 m/min. Measurements showed that paper with lower grammage (70 g/m²) and lower smoothness can accept more varnish during printing (2.8 g/m² vs 2.3 g/m² for barrier varnish and 5.9 g/m² vs 5.4 g/m² for heat seal varnish). The barrier varnish provided excellent oil resistance (5 points after 1 hour of exposure), which remained high (3 points) even after 24 hours of exposure. Heat sealing studies showed that optimal sealing is achieved at temperatures of 130–210 °C with a clamp width of 25 mm and a clamping time of 0.5 seconds. It was established that using an anilox roller cell produced with GTT technology and a peristaltic pump significantly reduces foam formation and improves varnish transfer in the printing unit’s ink system. It was determined that the quality of paper packaging sealing is significantly affected by the clamp width and sealing time, with an increase in both factors improving adhesion strength. The practical result of the research is the developed technology for creating environmentally friendly paper packaging with enhanced barrier properties against moisture and fats, which can also be effectively heat sealed. This approach allows for the replacement of multi-layer plastic packaging materials with ecological paper alternatives without losing functional properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tetyana Telegina, Svitlana Havenko, Marta Labetska http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Key drivers of the future European printed packaging market
Europe’s packaging sector is transforming—driven by innovation, regulation, and collaboration. The sector continues to grow while undergoing significant change, responding to increasingly complex expectations from regulators, brand owners, and consumers alike. Drawing on recent conference presentations, journal articles and market reports, the authors present detailed the key drivers of the packaging market: sustainability and regulation, the growth of e-commerce, changing consumer attitudes and lifestyles, digitalisation and innovation, advances of printing technology and packaging format innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Csaba Horváth, László Koltai, Katalin Orgován
Ethical dimensions of artificial intelligence in graphic design: challenges, opportunities and the future of creative practice
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping societal dynamics and is expected to continue influencing various sectors. In the field of graphic design, its integration has generated both enthusiasm and concern. Today, AI is transforming how graphic designers work by introducing innovative tools and methods that enhance creativity, efficiency, and production capabilities. AI enables faster and higher quality realization of creative concepts by automating repetitive tasks, generating complex and realistic visuals, and improving design personalization. However, the rapid development and implementation of AI in design practices also bring forth a series of challenges that must be critically examined. Issues such as authenticity, originality, and authorship of AI-generated content are becoming increasingly relevant, and it is crucial that we address these challenges head-on. Additionally, the potential displacement of human workers by automated systems raises concerns about job loss and the redefinition of the designer’s role in the creative process. The ethical use of AI in graphic design spans multiple dimensions: algorithmic bias, user privacy, transparency of sources and influence, and questions of ownership and intellectual property. This paper aims to comprehensively analyse the challenges, and key ethical considerations of using AI in graphic design through a systematic literature review. Special emphasis is placed on ethical challenges related to authorship, creativity, bias, transparency, and broader societal impact. The paper also considers the future trends considering graphic design, AI and creativity and explores how they may be adapted to meet the specific challenges posed by AI in graphic design. Ultimately, this research contributes to the academic discourse on the responsible and sustainable use of AI in the creative industries, laying the groundwork for future research in ethics and technology. Particular attention is devoted to the evolving role of human designers in an increasingly dynamic and complex AI-influenced environment, underscoring the urgent need for responsible use of AI.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandra Dedijer, Nemanja Kašiković, Magdolna Pál, Ivana Jurič, Živko Pavlović, Saša Petrović, Gala Golubović
Integration of artificial intelligence into graphic design processes
Recent years were highlighted by the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology that has already become part of our everyday lives, although it has brought many debates in society about its usage. Quite a few resources on the Internet have built-in neural networks that were trained to work on particular types of tasks. It can be used in different areas of our lives for different purposes. Working well on tasks related to calculation, processing, and managing large amounts of data, it can be seen how AI is advancing. Not just in fields that require logical thinking but also in the area that was thought to be a human prerogative—creativity. A visible impact of this technology can currently be seen in graphic design, which future is already hard to imagine without AI integration. Along with rising capabilities in handling creativity-related tasks, it raises questions about its future influence on the design. AI tools are able to automate the design process, assist with many routine tasks, generate high-resolution illustrations from the text prompt, and design brand identity elements. They are also able to do a lot of other things that change workflow by taking part of work that previously required much time and attention. Being integrated into applications and web resources with intuitive and user-friendly interfaces, the popularity of AI-based tools such as MidJourney, DALL·E, Ideogram, Recraft etc. is rising more and more. These tools are available for everyone, without skill-level limitations, that allow designers, from students to professionals, create high-quality designs with minimal efforts. In this conference paper were analyzed the main ways and tendencies of using AI in the design process. It examined how designers can benefit from using it while working on their routine tasks and how it helps to enhance workflow, automating processes and increasing efficiency, despite the problem with possible originality limitations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sofiia Apalkova, Yuliia Bokarieva
Application of ai driven system for estimation of orders in the printing industry
Printing enterprises face growing competition, rapid tech progress, and higher demands for efficiency and quality. In this context, fast and accurate order evaluation is essential for resource optimization, cost reduction, and competitiveness. Traditional methods − manual input, expert judgment, and classic financial models − are labor-intensive, inflexible, and poorly suited to today’s diverse technologies. Intelligent information systems offer significant value by automating data analysis, revealing hidden patterns, and supporting informed decisionmaking. Their use streamlines production, lowers costs, and boosts financial performance. Although many printing stages (prepress, color management, quality control) are automated, smart order estimation remains underdeveloped − creating bottlenecks, especially for small and medium print runs. This article presents the adaptation of the Flex Estimate AI system for the printing industry. Initially designed for IT project evaluation, the system was enhanced with machine learning and data mining to deliver automated, transparent, and accurate order assessment. Its adoption improves planning, optimizes workflows, and strengthens business resilience during digital transformation.
Copyright (c) 2025 D. Kostaryev, V. Tkachenko, N. Sizova
Better representation of the limits of RGB and CMYK colour spaces
Limits of RGB colour spaces are normally displayed as triangles in the CIE Yxy colour space. This type of diagram has the advantage that additive colour mixtures from two light sources actually all lie in a straight line. But CIE-Yxy colour space does not have uniform colour distances. So, a representation in other colour spaces with better equal spacing, such as CIE-Lab, shows better how good or bad the colour spaces really are. Limits of an offset CMYK colour space were usually determined only at the six corners of the primary colours and the first-order mixed colours in CIELab. It is much more meaningful to determine the limits of the most saturated colours in 10% increments. The new visualisations were created using the Python library www.colourscience.org. The possibilities and limitations of this library will also be briefly explained
Analysis of the quality of reproduction on a graphic product with more positive environmental aspects
In recent years, there has been a growing trend worldwide to replace traditional wood fibres as a raw material for paper production with non-wood fibres. By using alternative sources of cellulose fibres for paper production, such as cereal straw, deforestation is reduced, which is one of the positive environmental aspects of producing a of a graphic product with such a composition. Another positive environmental aspect of the graphic product produced in this way is the elimination of the bleaching process in paper production, which has a positive effect on reducing chemical pollution. In the paper manufacturing process, the paper used for printing usually goes through a bleaching process that reduces the yellowish tone of the paper and increases light emission, brightness and contrast. However, looking at the matter from a different perspective, especially for small-scale production, the process of paper whitening can also be done differently, namely by coating the paper with a white pigment. The aim of this research was to analyse whether it is possible to achieve the same reproduction quality with one or two layers of titanium dioxide on non-wood paper substrates as on commercially available standard paper type 7 according to ISO 12647. The reproduction quality was tested by analysing the reproduction of lines printed in different sizes using piezo inkjet technology. Double-coated samples achieved 2.6 % better results than single-coated samples. The result closest to the reference sample PS7 was obtained with a paper containing 10 % wheat straw and coated with two layers of titanium dioxide. The results obtained show that the proportion of wheat pulp does not lead to a deterioration in the quality of line reproduction in the prints.
Criteria for selecting artificial intelligence tools
Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a transformative force across numerous sectors, from healthcare and finance to automotive and public services. The selection and deployment of AI tools are critical to leveraging this technology’s potential while adhering to ethical standards, regulatory compliance, and ensuring societal benefit. The European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of establishing frameworks and criteria to guide the development, deployment, and selection of AI systems to foster innovation while protecting citizens’ rights and societal values. The EU’s proactive stance in establishing these criteria aims to balance innovation with ethical considerations and societal welfare, setting a benchmark for responsible AI development and deployment globally. The aim of the article is to present general criteria for the selection of artificial intelligence tools, as well as those specific to the field of publishing. The research was carried out based on the analysis of scientific and other sources. The results of the study can be useful for organizations and individuals that must be interested in selecting and using the right AI tools.
Study of the mechanical properties of cardboard with barrier properties
The aim of this study is to test and compare the mechanical properties of the cardboard selected for the tests and to determine the best type of material. As cardboard is used in a wide range of industries for the packaging of goods, it is important to determine which of the types of cardboard tested is the most resistant to wear and the least deformable under changing environmental conditions. It is also important to compare and identify what improvements could be made to existing materials to make the board durable and environmentally friendly. To conduct the experiment of this study, four types of cardboard with barrier properties were used. For all the tests sample groups of different cardboards with different barrier properties were prepared and the specimens were stored and acclimatised under the same conditions before the tests. Specific software and devices were used to determine the final results. Selected types of tests were chosen to compare the types of cardboard as they are close to the real-life use of the packaging. After obtaining results of selected tests, compared values have shown that there were no significant changes, but there were some differences in the strength properties, which could be mainly due to the different mechanical properties of each type of paperboard. As a result, one type of paperboard was superior in both resistance and wetting tests. To conclude, this study, which was carried out to compare the strength properties of four different types of cardboard and their behaviour caused by changed surroundings demonstrates that all the types of tested cardboards are proper for use but need to be protected from direct wetting or wearing and tearing. Furthermore, this study helped to obtain new directions and ideas on how cardboard could be improved and made an even more resilient but environmentally friendly material and how it could be improved and applied in industrial companies in the future.
Study on the quality of reproduction of graphical linear micro-images using electrophotographic printing
Today’s market of visual graphic communication includes many various advertising, publishing and packaging products printed on different materials. Many products are printed using conventional printing technologies such as offset printing or flexography, in addition to digital ones like Electrophotography and Ink Jet. The graphic images on prints often contain extremely fine graphic details, such as micro-lines or micro-text elements, which are part of various identification, security markings, codes, etc. It is a very important task to optimally model these micro-images on printed graphic communication products at the design stage, in order to ensure their brightness, legibility and geometric dimensions meet the requirements, not only immediately after printing, but also, for example, after a certain period during the life cycle of the printed product after exposure to the sunlight spectrum, or to other mechanical or environmental effects. This paper presents a methodology and results for the assessment of the quality of the reproduction of fine image details, i.e. the micro-lines of different widths arranged on the print in different directions. A specially developed original digital press quality control wedge with monochromatic micro-lines, microtext and screen dots bars of CMYK colours was applied to assess the accuracy of micro-image reproduction. In this part of the study, the wedge fields with positive micro-lines arranged in different directions individually and in groups were analysed. The width of the micro-lines was measured under the microscope to assess the accuracy of the dimensional reproduction and the deviations from the nominal value. To assess the influence of different parameters of the system “printing press-paper-inks” on the reproduction of image microelements, the prints for this part of the study were printed using electrophotographic printing techniques on different dry-toner printing presses on different types of paper. The width and deviations of the micro-lines on the print were measured along the print direction, perpendicular and at 45˚ to the print direction. Measurements of the reproduction accuracy of monochrome micro-line images, printed on dry-toner electrophotographic presses, showed that the accuracy of micro-line reproduction depends not only on the printing system, its resolution and the characteristics of the paper, but also on the direction of the positioning of the micro-lines on the printed sheet. The obtained results allow us to compare the capability of digital printing systems to reproduce linear micro-images on visual graphic communication products of any size and geometric orientation, to select optimal systems for printing specific products, and to model the layout of micro-images on products at the design stage, by assessing the orientation of the micro-images on the printed sheet.
Recent progress in the development of coatings for paper food packaging applications
Relevance and aim of the research: Many types of coatings have been developed to meet the demanding needs and properties of paper-based packaging, which is the most widely used sustainable category of food packaging. The purpose of this paper is to list and classify special sustainable coatings, such as bio-based coatings and coatings based on nanomaterials (NPs) that provide barrier, optical, mechanical, anti-microbial and other properties as well as additional functions to the final product for food paper packaging. Methodology and results: The study is an overview of the previously published works on trends and challenges in the development of healthy and eco-friendly for sustainable food paper packaging applications, which are green alternatives to conventional coatings. As known, paper/paperboard packaging, because of its structure made from cellulose fibers, is naturally sensitive to microbial attack due to the poor barrier properties (i.e., hydrophilicity, porosity, low grease resistance, high absorptivity to gases and water vapors). Thus, paper packages must be properly coated to withstand and keep the food safe, preventing temperature, humidity and other factors of the surrounding from affecting the composition of packaged food. However, the current market is based on the application of commonly used coatings, which are typically made from fossil oil or synthetic polymers, waxes and /or fluor-derivatives that improve surface hydrophobicity and barrier properties. Nowadays, the use of these materials is limited because of problems arising from fossil-oil resources, poor recyclability, and environmental issues. Therefore, these coatings must be replaced by new materials, with high biodegradability, recyclability and compostability features. Recent studies are focused on biopolymers including polysaccharides such as chitosan, starch, etc., proteins such as whey, wheat gluten, and zein, polyesters as polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that are investigated to formulate coatings with barrier properties for food packaging paper. Petroleum-based polymers are commonly used in paper coating. Due to the good affinity with the substrate, they create suitable barriers to gases and aroma and increase the mechanical strength of the paper packaging. Moreover, biopolymer products have been developed as counterparts to smoothly replace petroleum-based polymers., they can be made from natural raw materials and sources, such as vegetal and marine biomass, this way they can be biodegradable, nontoxic. Additionally, they act as a basis for the incorporation of additives with specific functions for coated paper (ie, active-antimicrobial properties). The methods of chemical modification and combination as well as the processing and production of these new coatings for paper packaging are still under investigation. The addition of certain nanoparticles (NPs) such as metals and oxides in biopolymers and green coatings could be advantageous to add value and enhance the processing, performance and functionality of food paper packaging. Conclusions & practical implications: The application of coatings on paperbased food packaging is extensively investigated to replace petrochemical derivatives by choosing environmentally friendly alternatives that come from natural and renewable resources. These options determine the ultimate recyclability, biodegradability and even compostability of the final product. The incorporation of certain nanomaterials in the coatings promises to provide a wide range of enhanced properties and improve barrier characteristics of the paper-based food packaging.
Leveraging the teamwork model for effective integration of interactive materials on mobile devices in visual media communication, innovation, and impact on society
The issue of waste in printed materials can be effectively addressed by leveraging technology, especially mobile devices, in language learning initiatives. This research focuses on integrating interactive materials through the TEAMWORK model, with the ELENE project serving as a case study. The overarching goal is to assess how the TEAMWORK model can streamline planning and execution in mobile-assisted language learning endeavours. By evaluating effectiveness, identifying challenges and best practices, and offering practical recommendations, this study aims to improve language education outcomes through technology integration while reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional printed materials. The research methodology involves a thorough examination of integrating interactive materials on mobile devices using the TEAMWORK model, with a specific focus on the ELENE project. It commences with a comprehensive literature review and progresses to qualitative data collection through interviews and observations. The TEAMWORK model serves as a guiding framework for planning and execution, with data gathered through surveys and usage analytics. Analysis techniques are employed to evaluate the model’s impact on project outcomes and to derive practical recommendations for stakeholders, all aimed at enhancing language education practices and technology integration. The research results highlight the effectiveness of integrating interactive materials on mobile devices using the TEAMWORK model, as evidenced by the ELENE project. Qualitative analysis revealed that the structured approach provided by the TEAMWORK model significantly improved planning and execution phases, leading to better project outcomes and increased learner engagement. Quantitative data further corroborated these findings, demonstrating measurable enhancements in language proficiency and user satisfaction. Challenges such as technical constraints and resource limitations were effectively managed through proactive risk mitigation strategies outlined by the model. Overall, the results underscore the value of the TEAMWORK model in optimizing mobile-assisted language learning initiatives and offer valuable insights for stakeholders involved in similar endeavours. The integration of interactive materials on mobile devices, guided by the TEAMWORK model within the ELENE project, has significantly improved language learning outcomes. Through structured planning and execution, the TEAMWORK model effectively enhanced project outcomes and increased learner engagement. Practical implications include actionable recommendations for stakeholders involved in similar projects, offering insights for maximizing the effectiveness of technology integration in language education.
Stability of the cash register receipt depending on the thermal paper used
The consumption of thermal paper has globally increased due to a wide variety of commercial applications including point-of-sale (POS) receipts, luggage tags, faxes, and labels. This type of paper is specially used for cash register printing paper and therefore its quality directly affects the quality of printing, stability and resistance during storage of receipt printouts. Often such prints end up in the trashcan very quickly after a purchase, but sometimes is an interest in saving them after buying products that have a guaranteed period of 2 years or more. Therefore, in this study, the comparison of two different cash register thermal papers (white and blue) was made based on paper characteristics, while the stability on them printed receipt was determined based on the change in colorimetric values after their exposure to a certain treatment. Three types of stability analysis were done which include sample exposure to light, pressure and water. Since colorimetric changes in the colour of cash register thermal paper and receipt are a visible sign of their quality degradation, the influence of contact with water, pressure and light was observed through ΔE*00. Under the influence of water and light cash register receipt on white thermal paper faded but stayed permanent on blue one. Also, receipts printed on blue thermal paper were more stable to rub and there was less colour transfer. It has been proven that blue cash register thermal paper is more stable than white one, and so are the receipts printed on that type of thermal paper.
A systematic approach to the quality assessment of printed products
Quality standards for the technological processes of the production of finished products are used in all countries of the world. Consumers of printing and packaging products are increasingly demanding ISO 9001 quality system certificates from manufacturing companies. It should be noted that international and national standards use different approaches to the standardization of processes and products, and the content of project management. To meet the demands of consumers, which are constantly increasing, quality management should be carried out based on a set of scientifically based principles, which can be divided into system-wide and special. The problem is relevant for modern Ukrainian enterprises, where, on the one hand, they need serious changes in the organizational structure, corporate culture, style and methods of project management; and on the other hand, compliance with the ratio of responsibility for quality between the management system and performers. Evaluation of the quality of printed products at the current stage requires the application of the principles of a systematic approach, based on the principles of which it is possible to build a coherent, logically completed methodological system of quality indicators of a specific type of product. This will also make it possible to justify the problem of choosing certain methods and will give a normative and regulatory character to those indicators that are not reflected in the standards but are important for the practical use of products. To create one or another model of the system, it is first necessary to carry out its verbal and informational description and tuple recording. The components of a verbal informational description usually reflect a description of the external environment, and the system’s connections with it; identification of the relationship between factors, characteristics of the variability of factors; elementary composition of the system, and its parts; description of connections between elements of the system and subsystems; operation of the system, i.e. description of the process of functioning and development of the system. The tuple record of the system model of the quality assessment takes into account the classification characteristics of products, the set of “inputs” and “outputs” of the system; а set of variable parameters and processes. The goals of quality management at each stage of the technological process for each specific type of printed product can be individual. To cover the management of all stages of the life cycle of media or packaging products within the subsystems of the quality system, it is necessary to perform a full set of special (specific) quality management functions. The matrix method or elements of the ISO 9000 series system can be used to form these functions.
The influence of the textile substrate color on the contrast of thermochromic prints
Thermochromic inks have attracted much attention due to their application in various fields, including the textile industry. The application of these colors in sports clothing enables the monitoring of the athlete’s physiological state through the possibility of changing the color of the material under the influence of skin temperature. Due to the printing of thermochromic inks on textile materials used for visual control, there is a need to analyze the contrast of the printed elements. Contrast plays a significant role in visually highlighting shapes and details and also facilitates the recognition of printed parts and information on textile materials. Contrast analysis of thermochromic inks on different colors of textile materials plays a role in determining the optimal combination of base colors and thermochromic inks that will result in the most noticeable color change. This analysis allows designers and manufacturers to make good decisions about choosing the colors of textile materials when printing with thermochromic inks because, in this way, a high level of aesthetics and functionality is achieved. This work aims to compare and analyze the contrast of thermochromic inks on different colors of the substrate of different types of materials, as well as to determine whether the color of the fabric on which the thermochromic ink is printed affects the color contrast when it is changed, i.e., its discoloration and return to its original state. Magenta reversible thermochromic water-based leuco dye was used to print the samples. The work used textile materials for printing with different structures and different colors. The colors were chosen to be bright and to provide a good contrast with the magenta color so that their combination attracts the viewer’s attention and can create a strong visual effect. Colorimetric and contrast analyses determined that the color of the substrate is dependent on the contrast value. In the case of polyester textile material, the white color of the substrate showed the highest contrast values. On the other hand, in the case of printed samples on a material made of a mixture of polyester and elastane, it can be concluded that the gray color of the substrate gives the highest contrast values. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of choosing colors and materials to achieve optimal results in the design and production of textile materials with thermochromic inks.
Security monitoring via sound analysis and voice identification with artificial intelligence
The article demonstrates the possibility of monitoring user access through authentication based on voice profiles using the means of Artificial Intelligence. A two-stage approach is proposed for sound analysis and voice recognition using Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FFNNs) and Cascade-Forward Neural Networks (CFNNs). Seven test voice profiles were pre-processed to extract quantitative sound features. The procedure involves registration of a set of sound parameters concerning three categories, respectively, for all audio and acoustic measurements in the entire sound spectrum, measurements up to and above 100 dBA. The neural architectures were trained with Scaled Gradient Descent (SCG) and Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithms, using different transfer functions in the output structural layers. In the initial phase of neural training, the entire sound spectrum of registered indicators was used, and high levels of Accuracy around 90.0% were reached. Subsequently, steps were taken to reduce the informative features when searching for similar levels of accuracy in order to limit the necessary computational procedures in neural training, but maintain the threshold of successful user authentication. In the analysis of neural performance, in addition to accuracy, additional criteria were used, namely Mean-Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). About the achieved and analyzed results, a synthesis was conducted of a set of four informative features with the highest significance, respectively LAE (A-weighted, sound exposure level), Laeq (A-weighted, equivalent sound level), LAF (A-weighted, fast time-constant, sound level) and LAS (A-weighted, slow time constant response, sound level). In the course of subsequent neural training processes, unsuitability was found when using the Log-sigmoid activation type with greatly underestimated accuracy readings and errors below 58.0% and above thresholds of 0.2300 and 0.4800. Positive performance indicators of voice recognition were achieved with Softmax and Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid activations in SCG and LM training procedures in levels of accuracy of 98.7 % and 96.1 % at FFNN models. Successful correct recognition of the test voice profiles on access and security personalization with a quantitative equivalent of 100.0 % accuracy was achieved in the Linear transfer function for Cascade-Forward Neural Networks. The proposed method and the synthesized neural models in the research can be used as units and modules in access control systems with biometric diagnostics and intelligent recognition of employees in company departments to electronically store classified information and physical access control.
Defect “ghosting” as a result of the interaction of paper and printing ink. from science to production
The result of the paper and the quality depends on various interconnected mechanical, physical and chemical processes what are affected by material properties, reset technologies, equipment and the condition of the production premises in the Print industry especially in the printing processes. Due to the complicate technological processes different defects can appear during the printing process which reduces the quality of production and causes financial loss. One of the main leading Printing company of Latvia “Livonia Print” initiated to explore and find solutions – to reduce or eliminate the risk of GH. GH has not been sufficiently studied so far. Consequently, there is not much specialized, professional literature available. Research sample of printing is taken from a real order, album, and it was printed under real production conditions. The result of the research is to reduce or completely eliminate risk of GH occurrence in the production of high-class printed works (albums, catalogues, etc).
The author - who is a woman, a printer and senior manager holding several positions - was recently influenced that motivated her to examine the situation of women in the printing industry more deeply and scientifically. Initially, she focused on Patria Printing House, the company she managed as CEO. The research puts emphasis on examining the proportion of women working at the company in total, and also in management positions. There was a question as to whether this diversity influences the company’s effectiveness, so the subject of investigation is whether the development of balance sheet profit is related to the activities of female managers. Over the past 10 years, the ratio of the printing company’s balance sheet profit to sales revenue has consistently increased. From this, it is not possible to draw the conclusion that this was due to the positive effect of the proportion of women in management, but it can be concluded that efficiency has not deteriorated. The question of equal pay for the same position, without gender discrimination, is important. It was also established that gender discrimination does not apply in manager positions at the company. While for the company as whole, the average salary of women is below that of men. This may also be explained by the fact that men occupy different positions from women.
Peculiarities and methods of students’ creative project activities
The aim: To analyse the factors that reveal students’ creativity in the project activities. Project activities promote students’ responsibility, cooperation and creativity. Each project faces certain constraints, including scope, goals, and available resources. Working within a specific and defined project activity format, students look for ways and opportunities to reveal and express their ideas within a specified period, using particular materials, in order to achieve the goals set. The article presents insights on how to help students collaborate and engage in the creative process and methods how to encourage, motivate and unleash everyone’s potential. The article analyses the peculiarities and methods of creative project activity, and the role of the teacher in involving and encouraging students to cooperate, work towards common goals, delegate tasks, and take responsibility.
The new U.S. graphic communication curriculum: an expanded taxonomy
Survey and analysis of changing curricula of existing Graphic Communication programs within various degree granting educational institutions within North America. While some programs have closed, others have shifted curricular focus to adapt to newer disciplines entering the traditional graphic communication space, most specifically in User-Interface (UI) and User-Experience design. This phenomenon has changed the direction of the Accrediting Council for Collegiate Graphic Communications (ACCGC), an accreditation body in North America that reviews and provides accreditation to any participating programs in Graphic Communication. As such, the ACCGC has developed a Taxonomy of Disciplines that assist in determining criteria for accrediting newer and evolving Graphic Communication programs.
Shaping the European future with books (facts and thoughts regarding a conference)
The authors – who have been working in the world of printed books for decades – tried to formulate the challenges and trends that characterize the future coexistence of European people with printed books by analyzing recently published scientific publications, conference presentations and expert reports.